When those parameters get low enough, the complete pipeline is filled with nitrogen to absorb more of the remaining moisture. Only then is the pipeline ready to transport natural gas. The air will be sampled and tested for moisture content. Air compressors pump up the air, and the air is run thru a drier. When the pigs eventually exit the far end of the pipe clean, then the line will be filled with dry air. Then, all water is removed and “pigs” are inserted into the pipe to clean it out. This process involves pumping in clean water, pressured above the expected MAOP - maximum average operating pressure. To ensure pipeline integrity, welds must be x-rayed and the pipe hydro-tested. Metering stations are built along the length of pipelines, providing a measure of the flow of gas throughout the line. Additionally, valve stations are built above the right-of-way along the pipeline, allowing operators to shut off sections of the line for maintenance or in an emergency. Compressor stations, facilities that maintain the pressure level within the pipeline, are built to support new pipeline projects, or existing stations are upgraded.
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While the majority of a pipeline is underground, there are several types of supporting infrastructure that are constructed during a pipeline project. While existing roads are used when possible, temporary access roads are also constructed to create direct paths from staging areas to the pipeline ROW. The width of the right-of-way is determined based on the diameter of the pipe (8 – 42 inches), with widths ranging from 80 – 125. Vertical Storage Tanks (various sizes), 16 Nos. The flags mark the extent of the temporary construction zone surrounding the pipeline right-of-way (ROW), as well as the staging and storage areas. Construction, Fabrication & Commissioning of Base Oil Storage Tanks and Vessel, additive vessels, compartmental tanks, 9 Nos. Crews flag the boundaries of all locations where construction activities will take place. Panting Stringers Horizontal steel plates which interconnect the panting beams found at the ships sides, in the fore part of the vessel. Getting started: After all federal and state level permits are approved and easement agreements or eminent domain condemnations completed, the process of pipeline construction can begin. This page walks you through the process of a natural gas pipeline currently being constructed. The rush to move natural gas to markets places pipelines too close to homes, with construction taking place in backyards, farms, pastures, and right at the mailboxes of residents throughout the country. It is normally the uppermost continuous deck and forms the top flange of the hull girder.The current natural gas pipeline boom gives many homeowners a first row seat to the process of pipeline construction. It is the strake that connects the Strength Deck to the Side Shell.
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Stringer: is a special strake of the Strength Deck plating. It is the strake that connects the Side Shell to the Strength Deck. Shear: is a special strake of the Side plating.
#Stringer in ship construction manual#
Side: is the plating which extends from the Bilge strake(s) to the Shear strake. 133 Training Manual on the construction of FRP beach landing boats 4 Construction standards for GRP vessels of all design categories 4.1 Materials 4.1.
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Keel: is a special strake of the Bottom plating extending from the centerplane outboard.īottom: the Bottom Shell plate strakes extend from the Keel to the Bilge.īilge: is the plating which transitions from the more-or-less horizontal Bottom Shell to the more-or-less vertical Side Shell and is generally curved. The first and second stringers include a floor surface integrally molded therewith so that once the floor and. The floor and stringer system may include first and second stringers and at least two bulkheads extending therebetween. Certain specific strakes are uniquely identified: A boat includes a hull and a unique integrated, molded, floor and stringer system for positioning in the hull for providing structural support and stiffening thereto. In modern ship construction it refers to the longitudinal run of plating covering the hull, deck and bulkhead structure. An autoCAD drawing of the various plating strakes on a convention hull.Ī strake is the name given to each line of planking in a wooden vessel.